1. Umphumela wokumanzi

Lapho okuqinile kuthintana noketshezi, iziphathamandla eziqinile / igesi kanye ne-liquid / gas interface ziyanyamalala bese kwakhiwa isixhumi esibonakalayo esiqinile / esiwuketshezi. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukumanzisa. Isibonelo, i-textile fiber yinto enesibindi enendawo enkulu. Lapho isixazululo sisakazeka kanye nefayibha, sizongena esikhaleni esiphakathi kwemicu bese sixosha umoya, siguqule isikhombimsebenzisi somoya / sefayibha sokuqala sibe isikhombimsebenzisi / i-fiber interface. Kuyinqubo ejwayelekile yokumanzisa; ngenkathi isixazululo sizongena ku-fiber ngasikhathi sinye, le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukungena. Ama-surfactants asiza ukumanzisa nokungena abizwa ngokuthi ama-wetting agents kanye ne-penetrants.

2. Emulsification

I-Emulsification ibhekisa kuziphuzo ezimbili ezingafakwanga (njengoyela namanzi), enye yazo yakhiwa ngokuhlakaza ngokulingana izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu (usayizi wezinhlayiyana 10-8 ~ 10-5m) ungene kolunye uketshezi Indima ye-emulsion. Amaconsi ka-oyela ahlakazeka emanzini abizwa ngokuthi ama-oil-in-water emulsions (O / W), kanti amaconsi amanzi ahlakazeke ngamafutha abizwa ngokuthi ama-water-in-oil emulsions (W / O). Ama-surfactants angasiza i-emulsification abizwa ngokuthi ama-emulsifiers. Ama-surfactants asetshenziswa njengama-emulsifiers anemisebenzi emibili: ukuqina nokuvikela.

 

(1) Ukuzinza

I-emulsifier inomphumela wokunciphisa ukungezwani phakathi kweziphuzo ezimbili ukuzinzisa uhlelo oluxubekile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lapho uwoyela (noma amanzi) ehlakazeka abe izinhlayiya eziningi ezincane emanzini (noma uwoyela), indawo yokuxhumana phakathi kwabo iyakhuliswa, okuholela ekukhuleni kwamandla emandla ohlelo kanye nesimo esingazinzile. Lapho kufakwa i-emulsifier, iqembu le-lipophilic le-molecule ye-emulsifier lifakwa ebusweni bezinhlayiya zamaconsi kawoyela ngenkathi iqembu le-hydrophilic linwebela emanzini, futhi liqondaniswe nobuso bedrophu likawoyela ukwakha ifilimu yamangqamuzana e-hydrophilic, kunciphisa ukungezwani phakathi kwamafutha / amanzi, Okunciphisa izinga lamandla ohlelo futhi kunciphise ukuheha phakathi kwamaconsi kawoyela, kuvimbele amaconsi kawoyela ekuqoqekeni nasekuphindeni ahlukane abe izingqimba ezimbili.

(2) Ukuvikelwa

Ifilimu elenziwe ngamangqamuzana elenziwe yi-surfactant ebusweni bamaconsi kawoyela yifilimu eqinile evikelayo engavimbela amaconsi kawoyela ekushayisaneni nasekuqoqeni. Uma kuyifilimu elenziwa ngamangqamuzana elenziwe yi-ionic surfactant, amaconsi kawoyela nawo azokhokhiswa uhlobo olufanayo lokukhokhisa, oluzokwenyusa ukwenyanya okuhlangene futhi luvimbele amaconsi kawoyela ekuhlanganeni ngesikhathi sokushayisana kaningi.

 

3.washing decontamination effect

Ngenxa yomphumela we-emulsification we-surfactant, izinhlayiya zamafutha nokungcola ezisuswe endaweni eqinile zingafakwa emulsified futhi zisakazeke esixazululweni esinamanzi, futhi ngeke zisabekwa endaweni ehlanziwe ukuze ziphinde zingcolise kabusha.

Inqubo yokususa uwoyela oketshezi ebusweni ichazwe ngezansi ukukhombisa indima yama-surfactants. Amabala kawoyela wetshezi ekuqaleni asakazeka endaweni eqinile. Lapho kufakwa ama-surfactants, ngenxa yokungezwani kwawo okuphansi, isixazululo se-aqueous solactant sisakazeka ngokushesha endaweni eqinile futhi simanzise okuqinile, futhi kancane kancane sithathe indawo yamabala kawoyela. Amabala kawoyela asakazeka endaweni eqinile agobeka kancane kancane abe amathonsi kawoyela (i-engeli yokuxhumana inyuka kancane kancane, iguquka kusuka ekumanzeni iye ekumanzeni).

 

Ukuhlakazeka kwe-4.suspension

Inqubo yokusabalalisa okokuqina okungancibiliki ibe yisixazululo ngezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ukwakha ukumiswa ibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlakazeka. I-surfactant ekhuthaza ukuhlakazeka kwezinto eziqinile futhi yakha ukumiswa okuzinzile ibizwa ngokuthi yi-dispersant. Eqinisweni, lapho uwoyela oqinile ususetshenziswa emulsified futhi uhlakazeka esixazululweni, kunzima ukuhlukanisa ukuthi inqubo ethile i-emulsification noma i-dispersion, futhi i-emulsifier ne-dispersant imvamisa iyinto efanayo, ngakho-ke beka laba ababili ndawonye ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela. I-ejenti yokuqhakambisa nokusabalalisa.

Umgomo wokusebenza kwabahlakazayo ngokuyisisekelo uyefana nowaba-emulsifiers. Umehluko ukuthi izinhlayiya eziqinile ezihlakazekile ngokuvamile azizinzile kunamaconsi emulsified.

 

5.foaming umphumela

Isimo segesi esihlakazeke ketshezi sibizwa nge-bubble. Uma uketshezi oluthile kulula ukwenza ifilimu futhi kungelula ukulugqashula, uketshezi luyoveza amabhamuza amaningi lapho unyakaziswa. Ngemuva kokuthi kukhiqizwe igwebu, indawo engaphezulu kwegesi / uketshezi ohlelweni yanda kakhulu, okwenza uhlelo lungazinzi, ngakho-ke igwebu kulula ukuqhuma. Lapho i-surfactant ingezwa kusixazululo, ama-molecule asebenza ngokuxhunyaniswa adonswa kusixhumi esibonakalayo segesi / uketshezi, okungagcini nje ngokunciphisa ukungezwani kobuso phakathi kwezigaba zegesi / zoketshezi, kepha futhi okwakha ifilimu ye-monomolecular enamandla athile omshini ukwenza igwebu kunzima ukuqhuma.

Izixazululo ezinamanzi ezinamanzi zinamazinga ahlukahlukene omphumela wegwebu. Ngokuvamile, ama-anionic surfactants anezakhiwo ezinamandla ezinamagwebu, kuyilapho ama-nonionic surfactants anezici ezibuthakathaka ezinamagwebu, ikakhulukazi uma zisetshenziswa ngaphezu kwephuzu lefu.

Ngenxa yokuthi indawo enamagwebu inomphumela oqinile we-adsorption ekungcoleni, ukuqina kokuwashwa kuyathuthukiswa, futhi kungavimbela nokungcola ekuphindeni kufakwe ebusweni bento. Ngakho-ke, abantu bahlala becabanga ukuthi izinto zokuhlanza ezinezakhiwo ezinhle ezinegwebu zinekhono eliqinile lokuqeda ukungcoliswa. Ngakho-ke, okokuhlanza oketshezi abaningi kuzonciphisa ingcindezi yepompo ye-jet futhi akulungele ukuhlanzwa. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezine-non-ionic ezinephunga eliphansi kufanele zisetshenziswe kuleli cala. I-Surfactant.

 

6.solubilization

I-Solubilization isho umphumela wama-surfactants ukukhulisa ukuncibilika kwezinto ezingancibiliki kahle noma ezingancibiliki emanzini. Isibonelo, ukuncibilika kwe-benzene emanzini kungu-0.09% (ingxenyenamba yevolumu). Uma ama-surfactants (njenge-sodium oleate) engezwa, ukuncibilika kwe-benzene Kungakhuphukela ku-10%.

Umphumela we-solubilization awunakwehlukaniswa nama-micelles akhiwa ama-surfactants emanzini. Ama-Micelles angama-micelles akhiwa ngamaketanga e-hydrocarbon kuma-molecule asebenza ngokuhamba asondelana ndawonye kusixazululo samanzi ngenxa yokuhlangana kwe-hydrophobic. Ingaphakathi le-micelle empeleni iyi-hydrocarbon ewuketshezi, ngakho-ke izixazululo zezinto eziphilayo ezingekho polar ezifana ne-benzene namafutha amaminerali angancibiliki emanzini kulula ukuncibilika ku-micelle. I-Solubilization inqubo ye-micelles yokuqedwa kwezinto ze-lipophilic. Kungumphumela okhethekile wama-surfactants. Ngakho-ke, kuphela lapho ukuhlushwa kwe-surfactant kusixazululo kungaphezu kokuhlushwa okubucayi kwe-micelle, kukhona ama-micelles amakhulu kakhulu kusixazululo. I-Solubilization yenzeka kuphela lapho isikhathi, futhi lapho kukhula ivolumu ye-micelle, kukhulisa amandla okuncibilikisa.

I-Solubilization ihlukile emulsification. I-Emulsification uhlelo olunqamulelayo nolungazinzile lwezigaba eziningi olutholakala ngokusabalalisa isigaba samanzi emanzini (noma esinye isigaba soketshezi), ngenkathi i-solubilization ibangela ukuthi isisombululo esincibilikisiwe kanye nento encibilikisiwe isesimweni esifanayo Isistimu eyodwa ehambisanayo futhi ezinzile eyodwa isigaba. Kwesinye isikhathi i-surfactant efanayo inemiphumela yomibili yokuqinisa futhi yokuncibilikisa, kepha kuphela lapho ukuhlushwa kwayo kungaphezulu kokuhlushwa okubucayi kwe-micelle kungaba nemiphumela yokuncibilika.

 

7.soft futhi bushelelezi

Lapho ama-molecule asebenza ngokuhlangana eqondaniswe nobuso bendwangu, i-coatic coatic engalingani yesiqiniseko sendwangu ingancishiswa. Njengokulingana kwe-alkyl polyol polyoxyethylene ether, i-alkyl fatty acid polyoxyethylene ether namanye ama-surfactants we-nonionic nezinhlobonhlobo zama-cationic surfactants anomphumela wokunciphisa i-static friction coefficient yendwangu, ngakho-ke ingasetshenziswa Isetshenziswe njengesithambisi sendwangu. Ama-surfactants anama-alkyl anamahlumela noma amaqembu anamakha awakwazi ukwenza ukuhleleka okucocekile ebusweni bendwangu, ngakho-ke awafanele ukusetshenziswa njengesithambisi.

 

Umphumela we-Antistatic

Ama-surfactants athile e-anionic kanye nama-quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactants kulula ukumunca amanzi bese enza ungqimba lwezixazululo ebusweni bendwangu, ngakho-ke zinemiphumela ye-antistatic futhi zisetshenziswa njengezinto zokulwa nezindwangu zamakhemikhali. 9. umphumela we-bactericidal

Ama-bactericides e-Quaternary ammonium anezici zama-ionic compounds. Zincibilika kalula emanzini kepha hhayi kuma-solvents angenayo i-polar, futhi zinezici zamakhemikhali ezizinzile. Indlela yokusebenza yalolu hlobo lwama-bactericides ikakhulukazi ngamandla e-electrostatic, amandla okuhlanganisa i-hydrogen nokubopha kwe-hydrophobic phakathi kwama-molecule athintekayo nama-molecule wamaprotheni, njll., Ukukhangisa amabhaktheriya akhokhiswe kabi futhi kubangele ukuthi babuthane odongeni lweseli, kubangele i-lysis nokukhiqiza . Umphumela wokuvimbela igumbi ubangela ukukhula kwamagciwane ukuthi kuvinjelwe nokufa. Ngasikhathi sinye, iqembu lalo le-hydrophobic alkyl lingaphinde lihlanganyele neqembu le-hydrophilic lamagciwane ukushintsha ukutholakala kolwelwesi, bese lucutshungulwa, lonakalise ukwakheka kwamaseli, futhi kubangele ukuncibilika kwamaseli nokufa. Lolu hlobo lwama-fungicides lusebenza kahle kakhulu, ubuthi buncane, alunqwabelani, ubuthi obulinganiselwe bokudoba, aluthinteki kalula izinguquko ze-pH, kulula ukulusebenzisa, lunomphumela oqinile wokuxebuka kungqimba lwamafinyila, futhi lunezinto ezinzile zamakhemikhali, ukusabalalisa ukuvimbela ukugqwala Umsebenzi omuhle nezinye izici.

Kusukela ukutholakala komphumela wama-bactericidal wama-cationic surfactants ngo-1935, imikhiqizo engama-4 kuya kwayi-6 yesizukulwane se-quaternary ammonium salt bacteric imikhiqizo isakhiwe kuze kube manje. Isizukulwane sokuqala yi-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, i-cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, njll .; isizukulwane sesibili sisuselwa esizukulwaneni sokuqala, esenziwa eringini le-benzene noma i-nitrogen eyikhulu kasawoti we-quaternary ammonium Otholwe ngokuphendula kokufaka esikhundleni: umkhiqizo wesizukulwane sesithathu yi-dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, njenge-didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, njll .; isizukulwane sesine siwumkhiqizo ohlangene wesizukulwane sokuqala nesesithathu; Afakwe njengosawoti be-ammonium abaphindwe kabili abanjengo: ethylene bis (dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), angamalungu we-gemini noma ama-dimer type surfactants.

I-quaternary ammonium bactericide ayinawo nje kuphela umphumela we-bactericidal, kodwa futhi inethonya elinamandla lokuxebuka kusilayidi. Ingabulala amagciwane anciphisa i-sulfate akhula ngaphansi kwe-slime. Ibuye ibe nomphumela wokuvimbela ukugqwala nokusebenzisana lapho isetshenziswa namanye ama-ejenti. Okuvamile yi-1227 (dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), 1231 (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, 1427 (nane i-Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), i-dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, i-tetradeconi