1.Ubukeka kahle

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-surfactants. Ngokusho kokukhipha kwabo, yi: anionic 56%, non-ionic 36%, zwitterionic 5%, ne-cation 3%.

2.I-Anionic Surfactant

2.1 I-Anionic surfactant sulfonate. Okuvame ukusetshenziswa kulolu hlobo yi-sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate ne-sodium α-alkenyl sulfonate. I-sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-LAS noma i-ABS, ingu-powder omhlophe noma okhanyayo ophuzi noma i-flake eqinile, encibilikayo emanzini, yize inencibilikisi yamanzi empofu emazingeni okushisa aphansi, futhi ukuncibilika kwayo emanzini ekamelweni lokushisa kungaphansi kwe-3. Kepha inokuncibilika okuhle ohlelweni olusebenza ngokuxhuma.

I-Alpha-alkenyl sodium sulfonate yaziwa nangokuthi yi-AOS. Lapho okuqukethwe okusebenzayo kungama-38% -40%, ukubukeka kungoketshezi oluselubala olwephuzi, oluncibilika kalula emanzini. It has ukuzinza okuhle anhlobonhlobo pH amanani. Inokucasuka okuncane esikhunjeni kanti izinga lokucekelwa phansi kwamagciwane liyi-100%. Phakathi kwazo, i-LAS ngokuvamile ayisetshenziswa kuma-shampoo, futhi ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa oketshezini lokugeza. Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa okokuhlanza okokuhlanza oketshezi kanye nokuhlanza (i-tableware liquid lotions). I-LAS ku-detergent ingabika cishe isigamu se-surfactant ephelele, futhi uhla lokulungiswa langempela lwesilinganiso se-LA kumuthi wokuwasha oketshezi wezingubo lubanzi kakhulu.

I-AOS inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-sulfonate. Inezinzuzo zama-sulfonate ajwayelekile noma izinzuzo zayo zivelele kakhulu, ngaphandle kokukhubazeka kwama-sulfonate ajwayelekile. I-AOS ingenye yama-surfactants amakhulu asetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-shampoos nakutshwala bokugeza. Ukusetshenziswa kokunye okokuhlanza uketshezi kuzokhula kancane kancane ngokugcwaliseka komkhiqizo wasendaweni (ukunciphisa intengo). Izinzuzo ezivelele ze-AOS ukuzinza okuhle, ukuncibilika kwamanzi okuhle, ukuhambisana okuhle, ukucasuka okuphansi, kanye nokonakaliswa okuhle kwamagciwane; Okubi okuvelele ukuthi intengo ibiza kakhulu phakathi kwama-anionic surfactants.

2.2 I-Anionic surfactant sulfate

Ama-ejenti asebenzayo ajwayelekile anjengotshwala obunamafutha i-polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate ne-sodium lauryl sulfate. Amafutha otshwala i-polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate yi-alias AES, alcohol ether sodium sulfate. Iyancibilika kalula emanzini, ukubukeka kuketshezi olukhanyayo oluphuzi (olukhanyayo) lapho okuqukethwe okusebenzayo kungu-70%, futhi ukuzinza kungaphansi kwama-sulfonate ajwayelekile. I-hydrolyzed ngokushesha ngaphansi kwe-pH4, kepha inokuzinza okuhle kwe-hydrolytic endaweni ene-alkaline.

I-sodium lauryl sulphate nayo ibiziwe njenge-AS, K12, i-sodium cocoyl sulfate, i-sodium lauryl sulfate, i-ejenti egwebu. Iyancibilika emanzini, futhi ukuncibilika emanzini ku-25 ° C cishe kungu-15, kepha izinga lokuncibilika kwamanzi liphansi kune-AES. Akuzwani namanzi alkali namanzi aqinile, kepha ukuzinza ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-asidi kuncane kune-sulfonate ejwayelekile, eduze ne-AES, ukushisa kwesikhathi eside akumele kweqe ama-95 ℃, ukucasuka kusezingeni eliphakathi kwe-surfactant, i-10% solution solution irritation 3.3, iphansi kakhulu kune-AES, iphansi kune-LAS.

I-AES ingasetshenziselwa ukugeza imoto, okokugeza okokugeza, okokuhlanza okokuwasha oketshezi (okokuwasha izitsha), kanye nensipho yokuwasha yezingubo. Ekusebenziseni, uma inkomba yekhwalithi ye-pH ivumela, inani le-pH kufanele lilungiswe liphakeme ngangokunokwenzeka, njengokungathathi hlangothi noma i-alkaline. Lapho i-AES kufanele isetshenziswe ngaphansi kwezimo eziphansi ze-pH (kuma-shampoo), usawoti wayo we-ethanolamine uvame ukusetshenziswa. Ukuncibilika kwamanzi kwe-AES kungcono kune-AS; ingalungiswa kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yesisombululo esisobala samanzi ekamelweni lokushisa. I-AES ayisebenzisi kabanzi kuphela ezintweni zokuhlanza uketshezi kune-LAS, kepha futhi inokuhambisana okungcono; ingahlanganiswa nabasebenza ngokusebenza ngama-surfactants abaningi kunhlanganisela kanambambili noma amaningi ukwakha isixazululo esisobala samanzi. Phakathi kwama-syntactant synthetic, i-AES ifaka isithathu kokukhiphayo, futhi inani liphansi kunele-AS. Ngo-2002, ama-70% e-AES athengiswa ngama-yuan angu-8 500 / t. Izinzuzo ezivelele ze-AES ukucasuka okuncane, ukuncibilika kwamanzi okuhle, ukuhambisana okuhle, nokusebenza okuhle ekuvimbeleni ukoma kwesikhumba nokuqina; Okubi ukuthi ukuzinza emithonjeni yemidiya ene-esidi kuncane kakhulu-i-pH kufanele ilawulwe ukuthi ibe nkulu kakhulu kune-4, futhi okwehliswayo kungaphansi kwe-LAS, AS.

NJENGOBA kusetshenziswa okokuhlanza oketshezi, naka isimo esiphakathi se-pH-i-asidi ayiphezulu kakhulu; usawoti we-ethanolamine noma usawoti we-ammonium kufanele usetshenziswe ku-shampoo; usawoti we-ethanolamine noma usawoti we-ammonium uvame ukusetshenziselwa uketshezi lweshawa. Ukusebenzisa usawoti wayo we-ethanolamine akukwazi ukwandisa ukukwazi ukumelana ne-asidi kuphela, kepha futhi kusiza ukunciphisa ukucasuka. I-10% i-triethanolamine usawoti wokukhuthaza inkomba 3.0. Imvamisa yohlelo lokusebenza ye-AS ezintweni zokugeza izitsha ezinamanzi iphansi, futhi ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa njenge-surfactant eyinhloko, okungukuthi, inani lefomula lincane. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi akukuhle ukunciphisa izindleko zomkhiqizo. Okwesibili, lolu hlobo lomkhiqizo alunayo imfuneko yokwenza amagwebu. I-AS ifaka uNombolo 5 ekukhiqizeni ama-syntactant syntactants, futhi intengo iphakeme kakhulu. Ngo-2002, intengo eyimpuphu yayingu-15,000 yuan / t. Ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa amagwebu okuhle nokuvinjelwa okuqinile, i-AS ayilungile njenge-AES kwezinye izici. Isibonelo, ukumelana ne-asidi nokuzinza kubi kakhulu, futhi ukucasula kukhulu ngokuqhathaniswa-kungaphansi nje kwe-LAS, futhi intengo iphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwabasebenza ngokujwayelekile be-anionic.

3. I-Nonionic Surfactant

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic ngama-alkyl alcohol amides (FFA), okunamafutha otshwala i-polyoxyethylene ethers (AE), i-alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ethers (APE noma i-OP). Ama-surfactants angenayo i-ionic anokuncibilika okuhle, ukuwashwa, i-antistatic, ukucasuka okuphansi, ukusabalalisa kwe-calcium insipho, njll .; uhla lwe-pH olusebenzayo lubanzi kakhulu kunalezo ezivamile ze-ionic; isusa ukungcola nezinto ezinegwebu. , Ezinye izakhiwo zivame ukuba ngcono kunezijwayelekile ezisebenza ngama-anionic. Ukuhlolwa kukhombisa ukuthi ukwengeza inani elincane lama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic kuma-surfactants e-ionic kungakhuphula ukusebenza komhlaba kohlelo-kuqhathaniswa nokuqukethwe okufanayo okusebenzayo.

Ama-alkyl alcohol amides ayisigaba sama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic asebenza kahle, ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene kanye nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa ephezulu. Zivame ukusetshenziselwa okokuhlanza oketshezi abahlukahlukene. Ama-alkyl alcohol amides imininingwane esetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-liquid detergents yi- “2: 1 amide” ne- “1.5: 1 amide”, ne- “1: 1 amide” nayo ingasetshenziswa. Lezi zincazelo ezintathu zinemisebenzi ehlukene ngokuncibilika kwamanzi nokuqina. Ngokuvamile, i- “1.5: 1 amide” ilinganiselwa kakhulu, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu okokuhlanza. Imvamisa, i- “1: 1 amide” isetshenziswa ngokuhlangana nezinye izinto ezincibilika emanzini ezincibilika kalula. Ama-alkyl alcohol amides alungele kakhulu okokuhlanza ama-alkaline, futhi angasetshenziswa nakuma-detergent ajwayelekile e-acid. I-alkyl alcohol amide ingelinye lama-surfactants ashibhile angewona ama-ionic, intengo ngo-2002 yayingu-7 800 yuan / t. Ama-alkyl alcohol amides asetshenziswa kaningi kuma-detergent oketshezi kunama-alcohol alcohol polyoxyethylene alcohol. Ama-surfactants angama-nonionic asetshenziswa kuma-shampoo ajwayele ukuba yi-alkyl alcohol amides. Izizathu kungaba: Imisebenzi ephelele ye-FFA ingcono noma ingaphezu kwe-AE; Imikhiqizo ye-FFA ibiza kancane kune-AE; Ukuncibilika kwe-FFA kungcono kune-AE; Impahla ekhihliza amagwebu ye-FFA ingcono kune-AE.

4. Zwitterionic surfactants

Ama-surfactants ama-amphoteric abhekisa kuma-surfactants anamaqembu we-anionic kanye ne-cationic hydrophilic, ngakho-ke lo osebenza nge-cationic kuzixazululo ze-acidic, i-anionic kuzixazululo ze-alkaline, futhi afanayo nezixazululo ezingathathi hlangothi imvelo engeyona i-ionic. Ama-surfactants ama-amphoteric ancibilika kalula emanzini, ancibilika ezixazululweni ze-acid ezihlanganisiwe nezama-alikhali, futhi angachithwa nasezixazululweni ezihlanganisiwe zikasawoti wezinto ezingaphili. Banokumelana okuhle namanzi kanzima, ukucasuka kwesikhumba okuphansi, ukuthamba kwendwangu okuhle, nezakhiwo ze-antistatic. Kuhle, kunomphumela omuhle wokubulala amagciwane, futhi inokuhambisana okuhle nama-surfactants ahlukahlukene.

Lolu hlobo lomkhiqizo lungasetshenziswa ebangeni le-pH elibanzi, kepha ngokubuka kwesimo se-ionic esihambisanayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene ze-acid-base, ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinomsoco nokungathathi hlangothi kufanele kube ngcono kunalokho ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline. Ngokuvamile, intengo yama-zwitterionic surfactants ingaphezulu kunaleyo yama-nonionic surfactants.

Izinhlobo ezibalulekile ze-amphoteric surfactant zifaka phakathi i-dodecyl dimethyl betaine, uhlobo lwe-carboxylate imidazoline njalonjalo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-anionic surfactants, ama-nonionic surfactants anokusebenza okuphelele futhi anokukhubazeka okumbalwa-ukuvimbela kuphela nokugwema amagwebu kubi kakhulu; uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants angama-nonionic, ezinye izakhiwo zama-amphoteric surfactants zingcono, Okunye ukusebenza akusilele emuva. Ama-amphoteric surfactants anekhono elingcono lokugwebuzela kunama-surfactants ajwayelekile we-nonionic - ikhono elimpofu le-foam le-AE; i-bacteric5 engcono. I-Cationic surfactant

Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ze-cationic surfactant zifaka phakathi i-cetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), i-octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), i-cationic guar gum (C-14S), i-cationic panthenol, i-cationic Silicone oil, i-dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (i-OB-2) nokunye. Ama-Cationic surfactants ahlukile kwamanye ama-surfactants. Zinezindawo zokuhlanza ezingasebenzi kahle futhi ezinegwebu, futhi kaningi zinezinga elithile lobuthi obucasulayo (obuphansi).

Ama-Cationic surfactants asetshenziswa njengama-co-surfactants kuma-detergents oketshezi-isakhi se-conditioner esinenani elincane lefomula; Ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphakeme, esetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-shampoo. Ama-Cationic surfactants awahambisani ngqo nama-anionic surfactants. Ukuhambisana kwama-cations nama-anion kungaveza imiphumela emihle, kepha ubungozi bemvula (i-crystallization) bukhulu kakhulu.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-cationic surfactants asetshenziswa kuma-shampoo, futhi imvamisa yokusetshenziswa nayo ihlakazekile-esikhundleni sokusebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa noma ezimbili ngokuqinile, zivame ukwenziwa zibe ama-conditioner. Ama-Cationic surfactants anesabelo esincane sokukhipha kuma-surfactants, futhi amanani awo ngokuvamile abiza kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zama-surfactants. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-surfactants, ama-cationic surfactants anomphumela wokulungisa ogqame kakhulu nomphumela wama-bactericidal onamandla kunayo yonke; ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kokungasebenzi kahle, ukukhukhumala amagwebu, ukungahambisani kahle, ukucasuka okuphezulu, kanye nentengo ephezulu, yizinto zokwenza i-conditioning agent kuma-shampoos wokuhlanza oketshezi olusezingeni eliphakeme azikwazi ukushintshwa ngezinye izinhlobo zama-surfactants. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ama-cationic surfactants angasetshenziswa kuphela njengezinto zokulungisa isimo noma ama-bactericides.