I-Abstract: Ixoxa ngemisebenzi yama-surfactants, njengokumanzisa, ukusabalalisa, ukumisa amandla, ukuxubungula, ukukhihliza amagwebu, ukungcolisa igama, ukuwasha kanye nokuqeda ukungcola, njll., Ukwethula ukuhlukaniswa kwama-surfactants, nokwethula imisebenzi eminingi ejwayelekile esetshenziswa ebusweni. Futhi indima yezimonyo, okokuhlanza, imithi, ukudla. Umkhuba wokuthuthuka wama-surfactants uchaziwe.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-surfactants

Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlukanisa ama-surfactants, ahlukaniswa ngokusho komthombo wama-surfactants. Ama-surfactants ajwayele ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: ama-synthetic surfactants, ama-surfactants emvelo kanye nama-surfactants webhayoloji.

Ama-surfactants angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine: i-anionic, i-cationic, i-zwitterionic ne-nonionic ngokuya ngohlobo lwama-ion akhiqizwa yiqembu le-hydrophilic. Ama-surfactants asetshenziswa kakhulu, i-hydrophobic base yawo i-hydrocarbon group, ingaqukatha nezinto ezifana ne-oxygen, i-nitrogen, isulfure, i-chlorine, i-bromine, ne-iodine ku-molecule, futhi ibizwa ngama-hydrocarbon surfactants noma ama-surfactants ajwayelekile. Ama-Surfactants aqukethe i-fluorine, i-silicon, i-phosphorus ne-boron abizwa ngama-surfactants akhethekile. Ukwethulwa kwe-fluorine, i-silicon, i-phosphorus, i-boron nezinye izinto kunikeza ama-surfactants ukusebenza okuhlukile nokuhle kakhulu. Ama-surfactants aqukethe i-fluorine angenye yezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zama-surfactants akhethekile.

2. Indima esemqoka yama-surfactants

(1) Emulsification: Ngenxa yokuphakama okuphezulu komhlaba kawoyela emanzini, lapho uwoyela ucwiliselwa emanzini, ugovuze ngamandla, uwoyela uchotshozwa ube ubuhlalu obuhle futhi uxutshwe ne-emulsion, kepha ukuvusa kuyama bese izingqimba. Uma ufaka umuntu osebenza ngokuntanta futhi unyakazise ngamandla, ngeke kube lula ukuhlukana isikhathi eside ngemuva kokuma, okuyi-emulsification. Isizathu ukuthi i-hydrophobicity kawoyela izungezwe iqembu le-hydrophilic le-ejenti esebenzayo, lenza ukuheha okuqondisayo, kunciphise umsebenzi odingekayo ekusakazekeni kukawoyela emanzini, nokwenza uwoyela ukhanye kahle. Ku

(2) Umphumela wokumanzisa: Imvamisa kukhona ungqimba lwe-wax, igrisi noma okokukora okunamathiselwe ebusweni bengxenye, okuyi-hydrophobic. Ngenxa yokungcola kwalezi zinto, ubuso bezingxenye akulula ukuthi bumanziswe ngamanzi. Lapho ama-surfactants engezwa kusixazululo esinamanzi, amaconsi amanzi ezingxenyeni ahlakazeka kalula, okunciphisa kakhulu ukungezwani kobuso bezingxenye futhi kufezekise inhloso yokumanzisa. Ku

(3) Ukuncibilikiswa: izinto ezinamafutha "zingancibilika" ngemuva kokufaka ama-surfactants, kepha lokhu kuncibilika kungenzeka kuphela lapho ukuminyaniswa komuntu osebenza ngokusebenza kufinyelela ekugxiliseni okubucayi kwe-colloid. Ukuncibilika kuncike entweni yokuncibilikisa futhi Kuya ngohlobo. Ngokuya nge-solubilization, i-hydrophobic gene hydrocarbon chain inamandla kunaleyo emfushane ye-hydrocarbon chain, iketanga eligcwele le-hydrocarbon linamandla kuneketanga le-hydrocarbon engafakwanga, nomphumela wokuncibilikisa we-surfactants we-nonionic ngokuvamile ubaluleke kakhulu. Ku

(4) Umphumela wokuhlakazeka: izinhlayiya eziqinile njengothuli nezinhlayiya zokungcola kulula ukuzihlanganisa ndawonye, ​​futhi kulula ukuzinza emanzini. Ama-molecule ama-surfactants angahlukanisa izinhlayiya eziqinile zibe izinhlayiya ezinhle, ezihlakazekile futhi zamiswa kusixazululo. Dlala indima ekukhuthazeni ukusabalalisa okufanayo kwezinhlayiya eziqinile. (5) Umphumela we-Foam: Ukwakheka kwe-foam ikakhulukazi ukukhishwa kwesikhombisi se-ejenti esebenzayo, okubangelwa ukwehla kokuqina kobuso phakathi kwezigaba zegesi nezamanzi. Ngokuvamile, ama-ejenti anesisindo esiphansi enesisindo kulula ukwenza amagwebu, ama-ejenti aphezulu anesisindo esisebenza kakhulu anogwebu oluncane, i-myristic acid ephuzi inezici ezinegwebu eliphakeme kakhulu, futhi i-sodium stearate inezici ezinegwebu ezimbi kakhulu. Ama-ejenti asebenzayo e-Anionic anezakhiwo ezinegwebu kangcono nokuzinza kwe-foam kunaleyo engeyona eye-ionic. Isibonelo, i-sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate inezakhiwo ezinamandla ezinegwebu. Izinto zokuqinisa amagwebu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zifaka phakathi ama-fatty alcohol amides, i-carboxymethyl cellulose, njll., Nama-foam inhibitors afaka ama-fatty acids, ama-fatty acid esters, ama-polyether, njll.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Surfactant

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-surfactants kungahlukaniswa ngezicelo zomphakathi nezimboni. Ngokusho kwedatha, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabasebenza ngokulwa nemiphefumulo ezisetshenziswa emiphakathini zisetshenziselwa imikhiqizo yokuvikela umuntu; ama-synthetic detergents angenye yezimakethe ezinkulu kakhulu zabathengi zama-surfactants. Imikhiqizo ifaka phakathi i-powder yokuwasha, okokuhlanza oketshezi, okokuwasha izitsha kanye nemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yasendlini. Imikhiqizo yokuhlanza kanye nemikhiqizo yokuvikelwa komuntu njenge: shampoo, i-conditioner, ukhilimu wezinwele, i-gel yezinwele, i-lotion, i-toner, i-facial cleanser, njll. Izinkambu zayo zokufaka isicelo zifaka imboni yendwangu, imboni yensimbi, upende, upende, imboni yombala, imboni yepulasitiki, imboni yokudla, imboni yamaphepha, Imboni yesikhumba, ukuhlola uphethiloli, imboni yezinto zokwakha, imboni yezimayini, imboni yamandla, njll. Izici eziningi zichazwe ngezansi .

3.1.1 Osebenza ngamandla ezimonyo

Ama-surfactants asetshenziswa kakhulu ezimonyweni ezahlukahlukene njengama-emulsifiers, ukungena okungena ngaphakathi, okokuhlanza, izithambisi, izinto zokumanzisa, ama-bactericides, ama-dispersants, ama-solubilizers, ama-antistatic, idayi yezinwele, njll. Ama-non-ionic surfactants asetshenziswa kakhulu kuzimonyo ngoba awacasuli futhi iyahambisana kalula nezinye izinto. Ngokuvamile, zingama-fatty acid esters nama-polyether.

3.1.2 Izidingo zezimonyo zabasebenza kuma-surfactants

Ukwakheka kwezimonyo kuhlukile futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokungeziwe ezintweni zokusetshenziswa kukawoyela namanzi, kukhona nama-surfactants ahlukahlukene asebenzayo, izivimbelakuvunda, ama-flavour nezingulube, njll., Ezisohlelo lokuhlakazeka olunemikhakha eminingi. Ngokwakhiwa kwezimonyo okuya ngokwengeziwe nezidingo zokusebenza, izinhlobonhlobo zama-surfactants asetshenziswa kuzimonyo nazo ziyanda. Ama-surfactants asetshenziselwa izimonyo akufanele abe nokucasuka kwesikhumba, angabi nemiphumela emibi enobuthi, futhi ahlangabezane nezidingo zokungabi nombala, akukho phunga elingathandeki nokuzinza okuphezulu.

3.2 Ukusetshenziswa kwama-surfactants kuma-detergents

Ama-surfactants anomsebenzi wokuhlanza nokubulala amagciwane osebenza kahle, futhi sekuyisikhathi eside abe yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yemikhiqizo yokuhlanza. I-Surfactant yingxenye eyinhloko yokuhlanza. Isebenzisana nokungcola naphakathi kokungcola nobuso obuqinile (njengokumanzisa, ukugcwala, ukufaka emulsifying, ukuncibilikisa, ukusabalalisa, ukukhihliza amagwebu, njll.) Nokusebenzisa ukushukumisa kweMechanical kuthola umphumela wokuwasha. Okusetshenziswa kakhulu futhi okusetshenziswa kakhulu ama-anionic kanye nama-nonionic surfactants. Ama-Cationic nama-amphoteric surfactants asetshenziswa kuphela ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo ezithile ezikhethekile nemisebenzi yama-detergents. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko yi-LAS (ebhekisa ku-alkyl benzene sulfonate), i-AES (fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate), MES (α-sulfonic acid fatty acid salt), AOS (α-alkenyl sulfonate), Alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, fatty i-asidi diethanolamine, uhlobo lwe-amino acid, uhlobo lwe-betaine, njll.

3.3 Ukusetshenziswa kwama-surfactants embonini yezokudla

3.3.1 Ama-emulsifiers wokudla kanye ne-thickeners Indima ebaluleke kakhulu yama-surfactants embonini yezokudla ukusebenza njengama-emulsifiers kanye ne-thickeners. Ama-phospholipids yi-emulsifiers kanye ne-stabilizers esetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwama-phospholipids, ama-emulsifiers asetshenziswa kakhulu ngama-fatty acid glycerides S, ikakhulukazi i-monoglyceride T, fatty acid sucrose esters, fatty acid sorbitan esters, fatty acid propylene glycol esters, soybean phospholipids, gum arabic, alginic acid, sodium caseinate, Gelatin kanye neqanda leqanda njll. I-Thickeners ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: okwemvelo nokwenziwa ngamakhemikhali. Izikhuni zemvelo zifaka isitashi, i-gum arabic, i-guar gum, i-carrageenan, i-pectin, i-agar, ne-alginic acid eyenziwe ngezitshalo nolwandle. Kukhona ne-gelatin, i-casein ne-sodium caseinate eyenziwe ngezilwane nezitshalo eziqukethe amaprotheni. Futhi i-xanthan gum yenziwe ngama-microorganisms. Ama-thickeners asetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenziwa yi-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose: @ :, propylene glycol alginate, cellulose glycolic acid ne-sodium polyacrylate, i-sodium starch glycolate, i-sodium starch phosphate, i-methyl cellulose ne-polyacrylic acid Sodium njll.

3.3.2 Izivikeli zokudla i-Rhamnose esters inezici ezithile zokulwa namagciwane, i-antiviral kanye ne-anti-mycoplasma. Ama-ester Sucrose nawo anomthelela omkhulu wokuvimbela ama-microorganisms, ikakhulukazi ama-bacteria enza i-gram-positive.

3.3.3 Izisabalalisi zokudla, izinto ezinamagwebu, njll. Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa njengama-emulsifiers kanye ne-thickeners ekukhiqizweni kokudla, ama-surfactants angasetshenziswa njengama-dispersants, ama-wetting agents, ama-foam foam, ama-defoamers, ama-crystallization control agents, Sterilize and prolong period . Isibonelo, ukungeza u-0.2-0.3% we-soy phospholipids lapho igcoba ubisi oluyimpuphu lonke kungathuthukisa i-hydrophilicity yayo nokusabalalisa, futhi ingaqedwa ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuhlangana ngesikhathi sokulungiselela. Lapho kwenziwa amakhekhe no-ayisikhilimu, ukufaka i-glycerol fatty acid namafutha e-sucrose kungaba nomphumela ophuphuma amagwebu, olungele ukukhiqizwa kwenani elikhulu lamabhamuza. Ekukhiqizeni ubisi olujiyile nemikhiqizo yesoya, ukwengeza i-glycerol fatty acid kunomphumela we-defoaming.

3.3.4 Ukufaka isicelo ekukhishweni nasekuhlukanisweni kwezingulube, izingxenye zephunga, izingxenye ezisebenza ngokwemvelo nemikhiqizo ebilile

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ama-surfactants nawo asetshenziswe kabanzi ekukhishweni nasekuhlukanisweni kwezithako zemvelo ekudleni okufana nezingulube, izithako zokunambitheka, izithako ezisebenza ngokwemvelo nemikhiqizo ebilile.

3.4 Ukusetshenziswa kwama-surfactants emkhakheni wezokwelapha

Ama-Surfactants anemisebenzi yokumanzisa, ukufaka emulsifying, ukuncibilikisa, njll., Ngakho-ke asetshenziswa kakhulu njengezinto ezenza imithi, ikakhulukazi kubuchwepheshe be-pharmaceutical microemulsion technology obusungulwe eminyakeni edlule. Ekuhlanganisweni kwezidakamizwa, ama-surfactants angasetshenziswa njengama-catalysts wokudlulisa isigaba, angashintsha izinga lokuxazululwa kwe-ions, ngaleyo ndlela andise ukwenziwa kabusha kwe-ion, okwenza ukusabela kuqhubeke ngohlelo oluyingqayizivele, futhi kuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuphendula. Ama-Surfactants ajwayele ukusetshenziswa njengama-solubilizers kanye nama-sensitizers ekuhlaziyweni, ikakhulukazi kwi-pharmaceutical fluorescence spectroscopy. Ngokwama-disinfection esikhumba, isilonda noma i-mucous membrane disinfection, i-instrument disinfection kanye ne-disinfection yemvelo ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa embonini yezemithi, ama-surfactants angasebenzisana ngokuqinile namaprotheni we-biofilm ukuze enze noma alahlekelwe ngumsebenzi wawo, futhi asetshenziswa njengama-bactericides kanye ne-disinfectants esetshenziswa kabanzi.

4. Umkhuba wokuthuthuka wama-surfactants

Ukuqondiswa kokuthuthuka kwama-surfactants kuzobonakala kulezi zici ezilandelayo:

4.1 Buyela emvelweni;

4.2 Miselela amakhemikhali ayingozi;

4.3 Geza futhi usebenzise ekamelweni lokushisa;

4.4 Sebenzisa emanzini aqinile ngaphandle kwezithasiselo;

4.5 Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okungaphatha kahle uketshezi olulahlwayo, amanzi angcolile, uthuli, njll.

4.6 Ama-surfactants angathuthukisa kahle ukusetshenziswa kwezimbiwa phansi, okokubasa kanye nokukhiqiza;

4.7 Ama-surfactant asebenza ngemisebenzi eminingi;

4.8 Ama-surfactants alungiswe kusuka emfucumfucu yezimboni noma yasemadolobheni ngokususelwa ekukhiqizeni izinto eziphilayo;

4.9 Sebenzisa kabusha umuntu osebenza ngokusebenza kahle kakhulu ngomthelela wokusebenzisana okhiqizwe ubuchwepheshe bokwakha.